The second trimester can rightly be called the “golden mean” of pregnancy, and it will last from 14 to 26 obstetric weeks. The moment of birth is still far ahead, which means there is time to choose a name for the future inhabitant of our planet or even take a short trip.
Fetus
Every week the baby’s body becomes more perfect, acquiring new skills and functions. The urinary system begins to function. The baby makes its first breathing movements, and the process of producing surfactant occurs in the lungs. The digestive tract is prepared for food intake from the outside, swallowing amniotic fluid, the fetus absorbs everything it needs, and the remains remain in the intestines in the form of meconium (original feces).
Under the skin of the fetus, “brown” subcutaneous fat accumulates, which helps keep it warm, and on the skin there is a vernix lubrication that protects against constant exposure to the aquatic environment.
Judging the size of a baby is becoming increasingly difficult. Weight and height directly depend on the constitutional characteristics of both parents, the nature of the pregnancy, and genetic factors. The approximate weight of the fetus by the end of the 2nd trimester ranges from 700-900 grams, and the height “from top to toe” is 33-35 cm.
Mother's condition
The volume and circumference of the tummy increases weekly. Things that were worn at the beginning of pregnancy have already become very small. There is a need to buy trousers or a skirt with an elastic insert at the waist.
InformationMovements It is required to pay special attention to their quantity and “quality” and keep a daily count.
By the end of the 2nd trimester, lower back pain may increase due to increased load on the spine. The urge to urinate becomes more frequent, stretch marks and stretch marks begin to appear.
Basic tests and examinations
At the very beginning of the 2nd trimester, namely, if there are indications, it is worth carrying out "triple" test(determination of the level of ACE and estriol hormones in the blood), which makes it possible to judge the presence of chromosomal pathology in the fetus. However, the results are informative only in conjunction with the “double” test and carried out at 11-14 weeks. This test can be done up to 19 weeks.
At 20-22 weeks the second meeting with the future child will take place. pregnancy allows you to perform fetometry (measurement of size), assess its condition using Doppler blood flow studies and diagnose malformations, if any.
Also, a pregnant woman should not forget that every time she visits a doctor at the antenatal clinic, there is a need for a test. Other tests (general blood count, coagulogram, blood for antibodies to the Rh factor, tests for STIs, etc.) are taken in accordance with the pregnancy management plan.
Threats and dangers
Important In the second trimester of pregnancy, a woman needs to pay attention to the nature of discharge from the genital tract. Normally, this is a light, odorless, uniform discharge.
Some pathological conditions during pregnancy can change their characteristics:
- Candidiasis, or thrush Quite a common occurrence at any stage. In this case, the discharge takes on a cheesy consistency, has an unpleasant odor, and the woman experiences unbearable itching in the genital area;
- Started will lead to the appearance of bloody discharge, the intensity of which can vary: from red or brown streaks to heavy bleeding;
- P can characterize very liquid discharge, similar to ordinary water.
But not only the appearance of discharge from the genital tract should be alarming. There is another danger during pregnancy, which has been quite common over the last decade - this. With this pathology, a woman feels squeezing, unpleasant pain in the lower abdomen or a total contraction of the uterus. At the same time, the uterus itself becomes as if “stone”, which gives little pleasant sensations. There is no need to panic! First of all, consult your doctor and decide on your further actions.
Additionally It should be noted that any, even minor, changes from the usual state during pregnancy should attract the woman’s attention. And various exciting questions that arise during this period can be answered by a doctor.
Nutrition
Rational nutrition of a pregnant woman is a necessary condition for ensuring the healthy development of the unborn child. A baby's health largely depends on the supply of vitamins and minerals to his body, since he cannot synthesize these important nutrients himself. Therefore, the need for consumption of these nutrients in women increases by 1.5 times during pregnancy. You should always remember this and not skip taking multivitamin complexes in the second trimester of pregnancy.
In the interests of protecting the viability of the fetus, a pregnant woman should not lose weight and should always gain weight! Normally, the weekly increase is from 300 to 500 grams.
Sex
The second trimester of pregnancy is the best time for sex. The woman has already become accustomed to her condition, fears and anxieties are left behind and she can relax, of course, in the absence of contraindications.
- Keep count;
- Take multivitamin complexes;
- Monitor your weight gain;
- Go through (there is an opportunity to find out the gender of the unborn child);
- Pay attention to the nature of the changes;
- Enroll in a school for expectant mothers, where you will be taught about pregnancy, childbirth and the early postpartum period, and caring for a newborn.
| Pregnancy calendar by week | ||||||||||||||||
The gestation period for a child is 9 months, 40 weeks or 280 days, during which mother and baby have to go through a difficult and difficult path before meeting each other. This period is usually divided into trimesters of pregnancy by week, each of which has its own characteristic features and symptoms.
Trimesters of pregnancy: how to divide and count In obstetric practice, the entire period of gestation is divided into trimesters. Young women preparing to become mothers for the first time do not always understand the meaning of this term, asking questions - what are trimesters, and how many of them are there in pregnancy?
Don't worry, a trimester is a period of three months, constituting 1/3 of the entire period of bearing a child. There are two ways to divide pregnancy into trimesters by week. In the first, simplified method, the maximum period of gestation (42 weeks) is divided into three equal parts, each of which includes 14 weeks.
The second method is more rational, according to doctors. Here, the calculation is based on 40 obstetric weeks, divided as follows:
- I trimester - from 1st to 13th week
- II trimester - from 14th to 27th week
- III trimester - from the 28th week until the baby is born
Trimesters of pregnancy by week: table
Trimesters of pregnancy
In the table you can clearly see how trimesters are divided and how to count them. It shows that the entire pregnancy is divided into three important periods, each including three calendar months. These indicators are the same for every woman, and therefore do not provide for any individual calculations.
The first trimester is the initial stage during which conception and embryo formation occurs. Sometimes during this period the expectant mother does not even suspect that a new life is being born in her body. Most often, the first symptoms begin to appear by the 4th week: a woman notices a delay in the menstrual cycle, and her body reacts sharply to the appearance of a small “belly” with malaise and nausea.
The second trimester is considered the calmest and most prosperous period of the “interesting situation”. By this moment, the expectant mother’s body has fully adapted to the fact that she needs to work for two, although the woman’s figure begins to change significantly - a belly appears, shapes are rounded, and overall weight increases.
By this stage, the embryo turns from a “tadpole” into a real person: all the important organs and vital systems are formed in it, it already knows how to move its arms and legs, suck its thumb, bringing immense joy to the mother, who feels the baby’s movements in the stomach.
The third trimester is the most alarming and difficult period. It lasts from 7 months until delivery. At this stage, the woman’s body is actively preparing for childbirth, and the baby continues to actively grow and develop. For the development of a baby, the last three months of intrauterine life are important preparation for independent life, so a woman needs to make every effort to create favorable conditions for the baby to successfully pass through the final period of formation.
Despite the fact that each trimester brings with it certain difficulties for the expectant mother, they are all wonderful and beautiful in their own way. By going through each section of the path before meeting her child, a woman gains invaluable experience that cannot be bought with money.
Pregnancy is a special time in a woman’s life. During this period, you want to think only about good things, enjoy every day and dream about your future child. The 2nd trimester of pregnancy is considered especially responsible. Sometimes during this period the expectant mother encounters difficulties, and she should know how to cope with them. If everything is done correctly, the 2nd trimester of pregnancy will go well. Having a baby is a wonderful time, but you need to prepare for it.
When does the 2nd trimester start?
Carrying a baby is an exciting and wonderful time. The 2nd trimester of pregnancy is considered the calmest. What week does it start from? From 13, and ends at 27. The period from 4 to 6 months is considered the most comfortable for a woman. This is due to the fact that in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy the belly is not yet very large, so the expectant mother is not yet limited in her movements.
She can go for walks, go to the pool and attend sporting events. The woman feels calmer, because the worries of the first days are behind her. She feels an invisible contact between herself and the child. It is in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy that the expectant mother will first feel the kicks of her baby.
By this period, the child completes the formation of the most important systems. There is little threat to carrying a baby; less than 25 percent of miscarriages occur in the 2nd trimester. The expectant mother can already begin to collect things for the child that he will need from the first days of life. Also, the woman herself needs to update her wardrobe, because the baby is growing, and with it her belly is growing.
What happens in the second trimester?
During this period, the child continues to develop, his internal organs continue to form, he grows and increases in size. At the end of the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the fetus becomes more and more like a newborn baby. Even if he is born prematurely, after 6 months he has every chance of surviving.
2nd trimester of pregnancy - what's happening? The mother feels her baby's movements for the first time. At first they are very weak and unnoticeable, but by the end of this period they will become very noticeable. At the appointment, the doctor may ask about the activity of the unborn baby. Therefore, women are advised to count the baby's movements throughout the day, this can be valuable information for the doctor.
It is necessary to undergo an ultrasound scan in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. This will eliminate pathologies in fetal development. Also, during the ultrasound procedure, a very important event will occur - the mother will find out the gender of the unborn child. Modern technologies allow you to take photographs of the baby during the procedure. Many mothers take these pictures and keep them. This is the baby's first photo, and it also deserves to be in the album.
Fetal development
Starting from 4-5 months, the fetus changes greatly in appearance. This can be noticed if you do not miss an ultrasound during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. At 4 months the baby weighs only 20 grams, and by the sixth month it already weighs up to a kilogram. Now he does not look like a fetus, he is an almost formed child. Every month of the second trimester it changes more and more.
Starting from 13-16 weeks of pregnancy, the baby begins to intensively build up bone tissue. His skeleton becomes strong and durable. In most places, connective tissue turns into bone. The internal organs of the abdominal cavity continue to form. This is even noticeable to the doctor during an ultrasound examination. The kidneys take the right position in the body and begin to work. Now the baby is able to excrete urine after swallowing amniotic fluid. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract begin to function, and the adrenal glands are already capable of producing hormones. The cerebral cortex continues to develop.
At 5 months, the expectant mother begins to notice fetal movements. If it is the first pregnancy, then this usually happens at 19-20 weeks, if the second or more, then at 16-18. The baby’s endocrine system begins to work harder, this contributes to the proper development of his hormonal levels. The baby's skin is coated with a special lubricant that will help him pass through the birth canal more easily. The baby's spleen begins to produce blood cells.
At 6 months of pregnancy, the fetus continues its intensive development. He is gaining strength and sleeping a lot. While awake, the baby actively pushes, which can cause concern for the mother. He sleeps from 16 to 20 hours a day. His lung tissue is still underdeveloped, but the baby is already trying to make breathing movements, so he is preparing for his birth.
The brain increases in size, its weight can already reach 100 grams. The cortex is actively developing, right now the child is developing his mental abilities, creative inclinations, etc. Scientists believe that if a mother is often in a bad mood at 6 months, this can lead to undesirable consequences. For example, in the future the baby will have a tendency towards depression and even suicide.
Changes in the body of a pregnant woman
While carrying a child, the expectant mother's body experiences enormous overload. All systems work in enhanced mode: cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory and others. The belly becomes larger and the uterus rises even higher. By the end of the 2nd trimester, it is closer to the level of the navel.
The tummy at this stage looks very beautiful and neat. Movement is not yet difficult, and the weight is not too heavy. Now is the time to capture this wonderful moment on film. It is better to contact a professional, he will help you take high-quality photos that will delight the woman after childbirth.
Starting from 4-5 months of pregnancy, the uterus may periodically begin to tone. These are so-called training contractions or Braxton-Hicks contractions. In this way, the woman’s body prepares for the upcoming birth. However, it is important not to confuse this condition with hypertonicity.
As the fetus develops, the expectant mother’s body begins to experience an increased need for vitamins and nutrients. Ask your doctor to prescribe a mineral complex and adjust your diet. Some women develop anemia due to lack of iron. This condition can be dangerous, so treatment must be started immediately.
Hormonal levels continue to change. This causes the mammary glands to grow and the skin around the nipples to change color. It becomes darker. Some mothers are already releasing colostrum in the second trimester, in which case it’s time to start using special bra pads.
Vaginal discharge may become more intense during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. If they are not accompanied by pain, pain or itching, then everything is fine. Due to the enlargement of the uterus, which puts pressure on the internal organs, pregnant women may experience constipation, heartburn, and nausea. You can try to correct these conditions with proper nutrition.
Some women experience swelling, this is an alarming symptom. They are more common in the last third of pregnancy, so it is better to consult a doctor. Varicose veins or joint diseases may worsen. Some women experience pigmentation on the skin.
Critical periods of the 2nd trimester and possible complications
At 4-6 months, pathologies that were not visible before may become apparent. The critical period of the 2nd trimester is considered to be the time from 18 to 22 weeks. At this time, doctors can find pathologies of the uterus, placenta, and diagnose various infections.
Premature thinning of the cervix is very dangerous, as this can contribute to the onset of early labor. Thrush during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy is also undesirable. Preeclampsia, which is accompanied by swelling and the appearance of protein in the urine, is very dangerous. This disease can have fatal consequences. Even a cold during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy can be dangerous. You cannot self-medicate, you need to go to the doctor.
Sometimes women are afraid of the doctor and treat themselves at home with herbs. You can’t even treat a runny nose during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy on your own; it can harm the fetus. At 4-6 months the risk of losing a child is lower than at 1-2 months, but it still exists. A baby born before 22 weeks is considered non-viable.
Cold
Even mild illnesses can be dangerous during pregnancy. Colds during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy have their own characteristics. The first symptoms are drowsiness, mild malaise, and headaches. But by evening the condition may worsen. A cough, runny nose, and sore throat appear. Usually a cold occurs without a high fever, but there are exceptions.
A woman experiences the greatest discomfort in the first 3 days. Although at 4-6 months the baby is not so defenseless against viruses, this does not mean that you can self-medicate or ignore a cold. Even a common runny nose during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy poses a threat. For example, it is not advisable for pregnant women to use vasoconstrictor drops; it is better to rinse with sea water.
If you have a sore throat, the first aid is to gargle with baking soda or salt. The drug “Furacilin” will also have a good therapeutic effect. Then you need to see a doctor. He is unlikely to prescribe antibiotics to a pregnant woman, only in cases where everything is very serious.
We must not forget about precautions when treating colds with folk remedies. Pregnant women should absolutely not hover their legs; this can negatively affect the tone of the uterus. For the same reasons, it is not advisable to place banks.
Thrush
Curdled discharge, itching, burning are quite unpleasant symptoms. They mean that a woman has thrush during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Candidiasis during pregnancy usually appears either due to weakened immunity or due to changes in hormonal levels. Sometimes thrush in the 2nd trimester occurs due to a long course of antibiotics several months before conception.
Even if you suspect candidiasis, you should see a doctor. For diagnosis, he will take a swab from the vagina. If this is candidiasis, then the treatment regimen will be selected individually, since many drugs are prohibited during pregnancy.
Usually the doctor prescribes suppositories against thrush. The drugs “Pimafucin”, “Betadine”, “Clotrimazole” have proven themselves well. Doctors also often prescribe Gynofort vaginal applicators, which, unlike suppositories, are used once.
Some women stop taking medications after 2-3 days, as soon as they feel relief. This cannot be done, since the fungi that cause candidiasis adapt to the drug and it will no longer help. Medicines for thrush and the course of their administration must be prescribed by a doctor; self-medication is dangerous for the fetus.
Pressure
When carrying a child, all body systems work under overload. This can cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. If there are any significant deviations from 120/80, then you need to keep a diary of measurements and then show it to the doctor.
Low blood pressure often occurs in women who were diagnosed with anemia or vegetative-vascular dystonia before pregnancy. You should immediately consult a doctor if you experience tinnitus, headaches, or fainting. Also, women with low blood pressure may experience increased shortness of breath when walking, a feeling of lack of oxygen, and increased drowsiness. These symptoms may also be associated with adherence to strict diets, which are contraindicated for pregnant women.
High blood pressure in pregnant women is often accompanied by vision problems. A woman may see a “cobweb” in front of her or experience tension in her eyes. A pregnant woman experiences headaches, ringing in the ears, and increased sweating. In some cases, disturbances in heart rhythm and tachycardia are observed. High blood pressure is often observed in overweight pregnant women.
Hypertonicity of the uterus
This is a very dangerous condition that can cause premature birth, fading of pregnancy, and retarded fetal development. The thing is that when the uterus is at rest, its vessels work correctly and deliver all the necessary nutrients and a sufficient amount of oxygen to the baby. This does not happen with hypertension. The baby experiences hypoxia and, due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients, begins to lag behind in development. Sometimes the pregnancy just peters out. Premature birth may also occur.
The main causes of uterine hypertonicity during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy:
- increased production of male sex hormones;
- underdeveloped uterus;
- myoma;
- endometriosis;
- ever suffered inflammatory processes of the pelvic organs;
- disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system;
- thyroid diseases;
- stress;
- bad habits.
Sometimes the trigger can be night shift work, lack of sleep, or emotional distress. The cause of uterine hypertonicity may be multiple births and the large size of the unborn child.
When treating a pregnant woman, bed rest must be observed. It is necessary to exclude any factors that may excite a woman and cause her stress. For support, the doctor may prescribe antispasmodics, for example, No-shpu. The doctor selects the dosage for the 2nd trimester of pregnancy individually.
Anemia
Iron deficiency during pregnancy is undesirable for both mother and child. Anemia is often a consequence of a woman's poor diet. Sometimes it is caused by diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by bleeding. Anemia may also occur due to decreased immunity. It can also develop due to any serious bleeding. A woman can have the disease even before pregnancy.
Anemia is a disease in which the level of hemoglobin in the blood decreases. At risk are vegetarians, teenage pregnant women, and women suffering from heart defects. It can also develop in those who previously suffered from excessively heavy menstruation.
The disease can manifest itself as dizziness, fainting, and irritability. Heart rhythm disturbances, decreased appetite, and disruption of the gastrointestinal tract are often observed. To treat the patient, a diet and vitamin-mineral complexes are prescribed. In case of severe anemia, the pregnant woman is admitted to a hospital.
Edema
Excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues usually begins in the last stages of pregnancy. Swelling that appears in the 2nd trimester should alert the expectant mother. Usually their appearance is facilitated by excess body weight, bad habits, and poor nutrition. In mature women, edema is observed more often than in younger women.
Fluid retention in tissues can be very dangerous. Swelling can be renal; it is usually localized in the area of the face and hands. Because of them, protein appears in the urine. Cardiac edema occurs due to increased blood volume. They are localized on the legs, abdomen and back. With this type of edema, tachycardia and shortness of breath are observed.
In some cases, the cause of water retention in tissues is gestosis. This is a terrible disease that is the leading cause of death among mothers. This disease also increases the likelihood of the child dying within a week after birth.
Painful sensations
While carrying a child, you need to take more responsibility in caring for your health. It is unacceptable to endure pain during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. If you experience any unpleasant sensations, you should tell your doctor about them.
Some women experience pain when walking. This may be due to a change in the center of gravity due to an enlarged uterus. If a woman continues to walk the same way as before pregnancy, this may contribute to the appearance of painful sensations. You should try not to spend long periods of time on your feet or rest while sitting more often.
Pain in the abdominal area can be a serious sign. If they are pulling, then it is better to immediately consult a doctor. Sometimes discomfort in the stomach appears due to poor nutrition.
Some pregnant women experience leg cramps at night, causing pain. In some cases, this even disrupts sleep patterns. This may be a symptom of a blood clot, so consultation with a doctor is required.
The second trimester of pregnancy is called the “golden time”, since toxicosis has already passed, and the belly has become rounded, but still small. This period begins from the 13th week and is distinguished by the fact that a pregnant woman can do yoga, walk to her heart's content in the fresh air, without suffering from headaches and nausea.
At this time, experts recommend starting think about a bandage, as the figure of the expectant mother begins to gradually become rounder and her breasts begin to enlarge. It is best to start wearing a bandage from the 20th week, this way you will protect yourself from stretch marks and miscarriage.
The second trimester in fetal development is considered one of the most important, since during this period internal organs are laid and the placenta is formed.
Nutritional features of the expectant mother in the second trimester of pregnancy
This period is different in that the uterus increases in size, so overeating can lead to unpleasant sensations. Experts recommend switching to fractional meals, 5-6 times a day and in small portions.
Nutrition in the second trimester has the following features:
How much fluid should you drink?
Doctors say that lack of fluid in the pregnant woman's body can lead to serious consequences. So, problems with metabolism may arise or anemia may occur. Therefore, pregnant women should especially carefully monitor their water balance.
How does it feel in the second trimester?
The expectant mother's mood during this period is stable, and the level of anxiety drops significantly. This is explained by the fact that by this time the woman is gradually getting used to the status of a future mother.
Pregnant women in the second trimester have a very difficult time withstanding sudden changes in temperature and physical activity. Therefore, the pregnant woman should be provided maximum comfortable conditions. In the middle of the second trimester, the woman feels the first movements.
How correctly, by this period, toxicosis has already passed, and a strong appetite may come to replace it. But each of these processes occurs individually, so some mothers suffer from toxicosis, even while in the second trimester.
Regarding discharge at the beginning of the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, then they are no different from the discharge in the previous trimester. But closer to the middle of the trimester they begin to increase. Since hormonal changes in the female body continue during this period, the discharge becomes white with an indistinct sour odor.
Pain in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy
Often, during this period pain occurs in the lower back and pelvis. This is explained by the fact that the uterus gradually begins to enlarge. But abdominal pain is not typical for the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, if you experience abdominal pain, you should immediately consult a doctor, as there is a very high risk of miscarriage.
The second trimester of pregnancy is characterized by the appearance of heartburn, since during the growth of the uterus the stomach is compressed, so the digestion process is disrupted. To relieve heartburn, you should eat fiber or prunes, baked apples or dried apricots.
During this period there may also appear cramps in the feet and calves. This may indicate problems with mineral metabolism. They can lead to congestion in the legs.
Throughout pregnancy, you should lead an active lifestyle, monitor your diet, and also get periodic massage. This is the only way to ensure the good health of the expectant mother.
Features of fetal development in the second trimester of pregnancy
Starting from the 13th week, the fetus begins to grow and change. So, The 4th month of pregnancy is characterized by the following changes:
The fifth month of pregnancy has the following features:
- the fetus begins to move more and more;
- the endocrine system functions at full capacity;
- The baby's skin is covered with a special lubricant.
In the sixth month of pregnancy, the following changes are observed:
- Fetal sleep duration is 16–20 hours;
- the lung tissue is still not open, but the baby is trying to breathe;
- brain mass is actively growing;
- The higher parts of the cerebral cortex develop.
What tests and examinations are needed in the second trimester of pregnancy?
In the second trimester of pregnancy, the following tests are prescribed:
- blood and urine tests;
- antibody test;
- hormone tests.
Ultrasound and hormone analysis – this is an integral part of the second prenatal screening, which helps to determine the presence of deviations in the development of the baby, as well as various defects.
Often, perinatal screening is prescribed at 16–18 weeks of pregnancy. If the results show the presence of any abnormalities, the woman will have to undergo a detailed examination by a geneticist. The examination involves tests such as chorionic villus sampling or medical history, which help determine the presence of chromosomal abnormalities.
Main hazards and risks of the period
In the second trimester, the following situations may occur:
- Premature termination of pregnancy - abortion or premature birth. If a baby is born before 22 weeks, he will most likely not be viable, but after that the chances of survival increase.
- Development of cervical pathologies. Often such pathologies are expressed in the development of isthmic-cervical insufficiency. This disease increases the risk of miscarriage. The optimal time to eliminate this pathology is 18-22 weeks.
- The occurrence of gestosis, which is accompanied by high blood pressure, as well as edema. The first signs of this disease appear after 20 weeks.
- Intrauterine infection of the fetus is possible due to the fact that the mother’s body may contain pathogenic bacteria, these could even be bacteria of sexually transmitted diseases.
There are critical periods during each trimester. He considers it most dangerous period from 18 to 22 weeks. This is explained by the fact that during this period pathologies associated with the cervix, as well as defects in the placement of the placenta, may appear.
The risk of miscarriage increases due to the fact that during this period the growth of the uterus increases significantly, and this can lead to a number of complications.
The second trimester is a favorable period in pregnancy, however, do not forget to adhere to the basic advice of doctors. They are:
Is sex possible during this period?
Doctors say that if pregnancy proceeds normally and there are no contraindications, then sex in the second trimester is not only possible, but also necessary. In the middle of the trimester, women experience a “surge” of sexual energy; doctors explain this by the fact that the pelvic organs begin to intensively fill with blood.
The occurrence of colds and other ailments
All medications should be taken only after the approval of a doctor. Please note that most drugs are contraindicated in pregnant women, as they may have a negative effect on the fetus.
During the period from February to March, when flu epidemics begin, doctors recommend that she visit public places and avoid hypothermia.
What are the signs of a frozen pregnancy during this period?
The worst thing that can happen in the second trimester is the fading of pregnancy, which implies the cessation of embryo development and, as a result, death. The most dangerous period in this regard is considered to be the period between 16–18 weeks. Signs of a frozen pregnancy are:
What is prohibited to do in the second trimester?
- smoking and drinking alcohol;
- wear tight and uncomfortable clothes;
- lift weights;
- steam in a sauna for more than 15 minutes;
- independently prescribe and take medications.
The second trimester of pregnancy (the period from 13 to 27 weeks) is the most interesting for the expectant mother. After all, it is at this stage that the baby begins to move. This period is usually accompanied by a feeling of physiological comfort and well-being. Nausea no longer appears at this time, and the fetus has not yet reached the size to put pressure on the woman’s organs. But there are still certain problems that arise during this period. Experts give a woman the necessary and important advice that will help her cope with doubts and difficulties, look great and lead an active life.
1. What should the diet be like?
A woman should not overeat in the second trimester. The uterus begins to increase in size, so excessive filling of the stomach and intestines leads to unpleasant sensations. The ideal option is to eat fractionally, 5-6 times a day in small portions, and then there will be no problems with digestion and assimilation of foods.
Other features of the second trimester diet:
- Minimum amount of fatty foods;
- The basis of the menu is carbohydrates (pasta from durum cereals, vegetables, fruits, cereals) and proteins. Meat should be eaten in moderation;
- It is advisable to eat more fish than meat, and the latter should be low-fat and dietary;
- To prevent nutritional deficiencies and disorders in the development of the child, from the 4th month you should take special complexes of vitamins and minerals for pregnant women.
2. How much fluid can you drink?
According to research, lack of fluid during pregnancy can lead to serious consequences. In addition to constipation and problems with metabolism, oligohydramnios can also cause them. Therefore, everyone should drink clean water, even pregnant women suffering from edema, but in this case there should be no abuse. The norm of fluid consumption is 1.5-2 liters/day, with edema - a little less, in hot weather - more.
3. Does a woman need to change her lifestyle?
Usually all the worries about a woman’s new position are already behind her, the expectant mother begins to feel joy from her condition. In the second trimester, it is very important not to limit yourself in movement, not to lock yourself at home while lying in bed. Moderate activity will benefit the heart and blood vessels, therefore, it will help saturate the baby’s blood with oxygen. Movement is also beneficial for the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems.
Physical inactivity has some disadvantages:
- Constipation;
- Poor muscle tone of the uterus and abdomen;
- Exchange disorders;
- Gaining excess weight;
- Incorrect presentation of the fetus;
- Placenta problems;
- Weakness of labor.
If the doctor does not mind, then a woman can visit the pool from the second trimester, for example, in special groups for expectant mothers.
4. How to dress for pregnant women?
In the second trimester, the belly begins to grow, so skirts, trousers, and dresses should not squeeze it or restrict it while moving or while sitting. Compression of the abdomen can lead to disturbances in the blood supply to the placenta and hypertonicity of the uterus, which is harmful for the baby. From this period, it is advisable to buy special clothes for pregnant women made from natural fabrics, soft and comfortable for the body.
5. Are there any special hygiene features in the second trimester?
There is no point in discussing daily hygiene: you need to take a shower every day, since human skin actively secretes all unnecessary substances through sweat and performs respiratory and metabolic functions. During pregnancy, it is important to keep your entire body clean. Normally developing pregnancy - you can periodically visit the bathhouse and sauna, but only at a comfortable temperature, without overusing the steam room. Too high a temperature can cause high blood pressure, miscarriage and premature birth. You should be careful when visiting the bathhouse.
6. How to prevent stretch marks on your body?
It will not be possible to fundamentally influence the appearance of stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the expectant mother, since they form or not only depending on the characteristics of the skin and the size of the abdomen. With sufficient skin density, even with a large fetus and a large belly, there will be no stretch marks, but with thin, delicate skin they will certainly appear. Stretch mark creams for expectant mothers can improve skin elasticity to some extent and reduce the risk of large, large stretch marks, but creams cannot completely prevent stretch marks.
A woman also needs to control her weight. The likelihood of stretch marks increases if a pregnant woman gains weight quickly. The skin does not have time to stretch, and as a result, a large number of stretch marks are formed not only on the stomach, but also on the hips, buttocks, and chest.
7. How much weight can a woman gain during pregnancy?
Doctors “allow” a woman to ideally gain 10-13 kg of weight during pregnancy. In the first three months, body weight increases by 2 kg, then weight increases by 1.5-2 kilos per month. The first trimester is characterized by low fetal weight gain, while from the second trimester of gestation the baby grows rapidly, as does the uterus itself, the volume of amniotic fluid, and fatty tissue. The woman’s total blood volume also increases, and all the numbers added together form such a large weight gain.
Of the 10-13 kg increase, adipose tissue normally accounts for up to 4 kg, no more. Consumption of fatty, high-calorie foods during pregnancy causes an increase in the proportion of adipose tissue and the development of obesity, which threatens problems for the baby. For the pregnant woman herself, obesity is also fraught with various troubles:
- Diabetes mellitus;
- Pain in the back/lower back, development of osteochondrosis;
- Varicose veins;
- Arterial hypertension.
8. How to keep your weight under control?
When visiting a gynecologist, a woman is asked to familiarize herself with tables with weight gain norms by month (or week). The doctor will help you calculate the rate of gain if there is an initial weight deficit, and in this case it is permissible to gain up to 14 kg. On the contrary, for those who were initially overweight, the increase should be limited to 7-8 kg. Too low increases are harmful to the child’s health, since without the mother’s fat tissue he will not be able to fully develop (fat tissue is needed for the normal development of the baby)!
After the birth of a baby, women who have had optimal weight gain experience best breastfeeding, since there is an ideal hormonal background for milk production. Trying to lose weight during pregnancy is prohibited, since the baby will not receive the nutrients it needs. Weight control is also important to prevent the development of hidden edema. Therefore, you need to eat right, not overeat, if necessary, use infusions of diuretic herbs, and take fasting days on the doctor’s recommendation.
9. Sex in the second trimester – is it possible?
It is difficult to refuse sexual activity for the entire period of pregnancy, and there is no need for this. There are restrictions on sex only for women with contraindications (for example, the threat of miscarriage). In other cases, you can have an intimate life throughout the entire pregnancy. Still, you need to behave more carefully in bed, not forgetting about the “interesting position.”
As a rule, problems with sex can arise only in the third trimester, when the stomach is large. In the second trimester, a woman’s libido increases due to hormonal characteristics. In addition, sex improves blood circulation in the uterus, which is beneficial for the development of the fetus.
10. Do I need to use special care for the mammary glands?
In the second trimester, the breasts increase in size, preparing for the appearance of milk. Some women already have colostrum periodically. Breast care should be regular and correct:
- Take a shower daily, washing your chest with warm water;
- Periodically practice contrast showers to optimize blood supply to tissues;
- After washing, wipe the mammary glands with a massage mitt or a hard towel (this will prepare the nipples for lactation, making them less sensitive, and will help prevent cracks from appearing).
You should also buy a bra that fits, without trying to wear tight underwear on your growing breasts. A good bra will prevent your breasts from sagging, and you should wear it constantly.
11. What to do with nipples that are inverted or flat?
Some women have naturally flat or inverted nipples, which will greatly interfere with feeding the baby. The baby will not be able to latch on to the nipple on his own, so the mother is forced to bottle-feed him. But even if you have flat nipples, you can straighten them a little if you start training before giving birth.
Exercises should be done several times a day, starting from the second trimester. After washing, they must be carefully pulled out and rolled between the thumb and forefinger. These exercises are done in the absence of a threat of interruption.
There is a connection between the breasts and the uterus, and excessive stimulation of the nipples can lead to contractions of the uterus. Therefore, if the uterus often comes into tone, then it is better to postpone the exercises to a later date.
12. When should you visit a gynecologist?
During pregnancy, visits to the gynecologist are mandatory and should not be skipped. The second trimester is a time of not too frequent visits to the doctor, usually once every 3 weeks (if there are no pathologies). From the middle of the second trimester before visiting a gynecologist, a woman undergoes a general urine test for timely detection of kidney abnormalities and diagnosis of gestosis. At 21-24 weeks, an ultrasound of the fetus is performed, and at 24 weeks a second screening for intrauterine pathology is performed.
13. What problems may arise in the 2nd trimester?
Unpleasant sensations can appear in a woman not only due to toxicosis of the first trimester. Since the functioning of all organs changes, they are compressed by the grown uterus, a number of unpleasant sensations are possible. Most often this is - sometimes - pain in the stomach, increased gas formation. To prevent such troubles, it is important to eat right and not overuse baked goods, salt, and spices. . It is better to sleep on a high pillow, and at least 2 hours should pass after eating before going to bed.
Among other things, many women experience:
- Headache;
- Lower back pain;
- Constipation;
- Thrush;
- Anemia.
Many pregnant women at this stage experience cramps in the calf muscles for the first time. If they appear, you need to consult a doctor and he will recommend taking calcium and magnesium supplements, since many unpleasant symptoms appear due to their lack.
14. Anemia during pregnancy - how to treat?
Most often, anemia occurs due to an increase in plasma volume. There is an increase in the amount of the liquid component of the blood, but the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin remains the same. But sometimes real anemia occurs due to poor nutrition, impaired absorption of iron in the intestines, or frequent bleeding (threat of interruption, hemorrhoidal bleeding).
If hemoglobin decreases sharply, the fetus will suffer from hypoxia. Diagnosis is made by blood test. Be sure to prescribe medications containing iron. Anemia can be prevented by taking prenatal vitamins that contain iron and eating a balanced diet.
15. Thrush and how to deal with it?
By the end of the second trimester, thrush (candidiasis) occurs in a huge number of pregnant women. It directly depends on the state of immunity, and in a woman it is greatly reduced so that the body does not “decide” to reject a foreign body - the fetus. Reduced immunity is fertile ground for the active proliferation of Candida fungi, which provoke an inflammatory disease. Another factor that increases the risk of developing thrush is a change in hormonal levels, which affects the change in pH in the genitals.
Treating candidiasis is a complex process, and the trouble is that there are no effective medications that can be used during pregnancy. And it must be treated, even if it does not occur without symptoms. It is especially important to get rid of thrush before childbirth, because the baby, when passing through the birth canal, can be infected with pathogenic fungi. All medications are prescribed only by a doctor, and it is better not for the expectant mother to use folk remedies!
16. What is the cause of constipation and how to get rid of it?
It seems that the uterus is still small and does not put much pressure on the intestines. But many pregnant women begin to experience constipation in the second trimester. They occur due to progesterone, which has a relaxing effect on muscle tissue.
This effect is needed to prevent uterine contractions, but progesterone affects not only the uterus, but also other organs, in particular the intestines. Therefore, there is a decrease in intestinal tone and a slowdown in peristalsis.
It is imperative to combat the symptoms of indigestion and poor fecal excretion. To begin with, you should use active prevention of constipation - eat fresh vegetables, fruits, cook porridge, drink more water. But if there is no result, it is better to use harmless suppositories with glycerin rather than medications. In severe cases, the doctor will prescribe medications that are least dangerous for a pregnant woman.
17. Are there situations when you need to urgently go to the doctor?
Typically, the fewest problems with pregnancy development are diagnosed in the second trimester. The woman’s body has “mastered”, feels normal, the child grows and develops. And yet, there are often situations when pregnancy is accompanied by complications. Urgently contact a specialist, including calling an ambulance, in the following cases:
- Abdominal pain, especially the type of contractions;
- The appearance of discharge with blood;
- Rush of amniotic fluid;
- Sudden increase in body temperature;
- Severe cramps, sharp pain in any part of the body.
Waiting for any acute symptoms is strictly prohibited! Only timely seeking help will help preserve your health and that of your unborn child!