Human blood has two important characteristics - blood type (AB0 system) and Rh factor (Rhesus system). Most often, during pregnancy, there are problems with bearing due to incompatibility precisely according to the Rhesus system, so we will analyze it first.
What is the Rh factor?
Rh factor (Rh) is an erythrocyte antigen of the Rhesus system. Simply put, it is a protein located on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
People who have this protein are Rh+ positive (or Rh positive). Accordingly, a negative Rh Rh- (or negative Rh) indicates the absence of this protein in human blood.
What is Rhesus conflict and why is it dangerous for the fetus?
Rhesus conflict- the immune response of the mother's body to the appearance of a "foreign" agent inside itself. This is the so-called struggle of the bodies of the Rh-negative blood of the mother with the bodies of the Rh-positive blood of the child, which is fraught with the appearance of hemolytic anemia or jaundice, hypoxia, and even dropsy of the fetus.
During the first pregnancy, the blood flow of the mother and child function separately from each other and their blood does not mix, but during previous births (possibly also during abortions and miscarriages), the baby’s blood can enter the mother’s blood, and as a result, the body of a woman with a negative Rh -factor will develop antibodies to the antigen even before the next pregnancy. Therefore, a repeated pregnancy can end at an early stage with intrauterine death of the embryo, and as a result, a miscarriage.
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without complications, since the mother's blood does not yet have antibodies to the "foreign" blood of the child.
Simply put, the blood cells of the fetus penetrate the placenta into the blood of the pregnant woman, and if the blood is incompatible, the body of the expectant mother perceives the baby as a “stranger”, after which the protective reaction of the woman’s body produces special antibodies that destroy the baby’s blood cells.
The destruction of fetal red blood cells by antibodies is called hemolysis, which leads to anemia in the baby. At the same time, the condition of the pregnant woman does not worsen, and the woman is not even aware of the previous threat to the health of the baby.
When does Rh conflict occur during pregnancy?
With a positive Rh mother, the Rh conflict will never arise, no matter what the blood of the father of the child.
With a negative Rh, both future parents also have no reason to worry, the child will also have a negative Rh factor, it cannot be otherwise.
With a negative Rh factor in the blood of a pregnant woman and a positive one in the father of the child, the baby can inherit both the mother's Rh factor and the father's Rh factor.
If the father of the child is Rh-positive, homozygous, and has the DD genotype, the pregnant woman is Rh-negative, then in this case all children will be Rh-positive.
If the father is Rh-positive, heterozygous, and has the Dd genotype, and the pregnant woman is Rh-negative, then in this case a child can be born with both Rh-positive and Rh-negative factors (the probability in this case is 50/50).
Therefore, it is also important for a man to donate blood for the Rh factor with the determination of the genotype with a negative blood group in a woman planning a pregnancy or carrying a fetus.
With the likelihood of developing a Rh conflict, a pregnant woman is prescribed a blood test for the presence of Rh antibodies.
Table 1 - The likelihood of developing a Rh conflict during pregnancy
Judging by the table above, we can say that the Rh conflict occurs only when the pregnant woman is Rh negative and the father of the child is Rh positive, and only in 50 cases out of a hundred possible.
That is, it is not necessary to observe an Rhesus conflict during pregnancy. The fetus can also inherit a negative Rh from the mother, then there will be no conflict.
It should also be noted that during the first pregnancy, antibodies are produced for the first time, and therefore they are larger than during a second pregnancy. It is more difficult for large antibodies of the IgM type to penetrate the placental barrier into the blood of the child, as if they cannot “crawl through” the walls of the placenta, and during the next pregnancy, other, more “modified” antibodies of the IgG type are produced. They are smaller, and their ability to penetrate the walls of the placenta is much higher, which is more dangerous for the fetus. Then the antibody titer rises.
Therefore, primiparous women should not worry about the Rh conflict, just be vigilant (it is enough to determine the antibody titer once a month), and enjoy the pregnancy period, because there are cares for caring for the baby and his upbringing ahead.
Prevention and treatment of Rhesus conflict
During the first pregnancy (that is, there were no abortions and miscarriages in the past), for the first time, an analysis for antibodies is carried out from 18-20 weeks 1 time per month (up to 30 weeks), then from 30 to 36 weeks - 2 times a month, and after 36 weeks of pregnancy - 1 time per week.
With repeated pregnancy, they begin to donate blood for antibodies from 7-8 weeks of pregnancy. If the titer is not more than 1:4, then this analysis is taken once a month, and with an increase in titer - more often, once every 1-2 weeks.
An antibody titer of up to 1:4 inclusive is considered acceptable (normal) in a “conflict” pregnancy.
Titles 1:64, 1:128 and more are considered critical.
If there is a risk of developing a “conflict” pregnancy, but antibodies have never been detected before week 28 (or were detected, but not more than 1: 4), then later they may appear in significant quantities.
Therefore, for prophylactic purposes, pregnant women at week 28 are injected with human anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin D, which block the work of the woman's immune system to destroy foreign bodies, i.e. after the injection, the woman's body will not produce antibodies that destroy the blood cells of the embryo.
An injection of immunoglobulin is advisable to carry out in the absence of antibodies in the blood of a pregnant woman, since in other cases it is simply useless.
The vaccine does not adversely affect the health of the mother and fetus, it is completely safe.
After the injection (provided that there are no antibodies in the blood shortly before the injection, or at least if their titer is not more than 1: 4), it is not reasonable to donate blood for antibodies, since a false positive result may be observed.
It is also advisable to monitor the baby's cardiac activity by regularly conducting cardiotocography (CTG), starting from the 26th week.
Doppler or doppler is an ultrasound examination of blood flow in the vessels of the fetus, in the uterine arteries and the umbilical cord.
If the fetus suffers, the blood flow velocity (V max) in the middle cerebral artery will be higher than normal. When this indicator approaches the mark of 80-100, an emergency CS is performed in order to prevent the baby from dying.
If there is an increase in antibodies, and the child's health is deteriorating, then this indicates the development of fetal hemolytic disease (abbreviated GBP), then it is necessary to carry out treatment, which consists in intrauterine blood transfusion of the fetus.
With a "conflict" course of pregnancy during an ultrasound examination, the following signs of hemolytic disease of the fetus can be observed:
- an increase in the abdomen of the fetus due to the accumulation of fluid in its abdominal cavity, as a result of which the baby takes the “Buddha pose”, spreading the bent legs to the sides;
- edema of the subcutaneous fatty tissue of the head (ultrasound shows a “double contour” of the fetal head);
- an increase in the size of the heart (cardiomegaly), liver and spleen;
- thickening of the placenta up to 5-8 cm (normal 3-4 cm) and expansion of the umbilical cord vein (more than 10 mm).
Due to increased swelling, the weight of the fetus will increase by 2 times compared to the norm.
If it is not possible to conduct a blood transfusion, then it is necessary to discuss the issue of early delivery. You can’t hesitate, and if the baby’s lungs have already formed (the 28th embryonic week or more), then it is necessary to perform labor stimulation, otherwise the pregnant woman risks losing the baby.
If the baby has reached 24 weeks, then a series of injections can be given to ripen the lungs of the fetus so that he can breathe on his own after an emergency delivery.
After the baby is born, he is given a replacement blood transfusion, plasmapheresis (blood filtration from dangerous cells) or phototherapy, otherwise the destruction of the baby's red blood cells will continue.
Modern generic resuscitation service is able to leave a premature baby even when he is born at the 22nd week of pregnancy, so in a critical case, entrust the saving of the baby's life to qualified doctors.
Group incompatibility of mother and fetus
Less often, but still there is incompatibility by blood type.
Blood type is a combination of surface antigens (agglutinogens) of erythrocytes of the AB0 system genetically inherited from biological parents.
Each person belongs to a certain blood type according to the AB0 system: A (II), B (III), AB (IV) or 0 (I).
This system is based on a laboratory analysis for the determination of two agglutinogens (A and B) in human blood.
- I blood group - otherwise it is group 0 (“zero”), when neither A nor B agglutinogens were found on red blood cells during a blood test for group affiliation.
- Blood type II is group A, when the erythrocytes contain only A agglutinogens.
- Blood type III is group B, that is, only B agglutinogens were found.
- The IV blood group is the AB group, both A and B antigens are present on erythrocytes.
Group incompatibility is often observed if the future mother has the I blood group, and the future father of the child has the IV-th, then the fetus will inherit the II or III blood group. But there are other options for incompatibility by blood group (see table 2).
Table 2 - The likelihood of developing a conflict in blood type during pregnancy
Usually, group incompatibility proceeds much easier than Rhesus, so the blood type conflict is considered less dangerous, and babies who have had a blood type conflict are born with ordinary jaundice, which soon disappears.
Knowledge about the Rh factor can be safely called one of the most valuable knowledge acquired by man in the history of medicine. It allows you to avoid a huge number of serious relationships during blood transfusion, as well as during pregnancy and childbirth, in particular, in cases where the child and mother have a so-called Rh conflict. So, what is the Rh factor, and what does it mean for expectant mothers?
Rhesus conflict: essence and mechanism
The Rh factor is a specific protein that is found on the surface of red blood cells in about 85% of the world's population. That is, those who have such a protein are called people. Rh positive, and those who do not have it - Rh negative. The Rh factor does not affect the health of the mother and the course of pregnancy, however, if a “negative” woman is pregnant from a “positive” man, in this case there is a possibility of a so-called Rh conflict.
Its essence lies in the fact that the erythrocytes of the mother and child, having different signs, meet each other, as a result of which a specific reaction resembling an allergy begins in the woman's body. Antibodies produced by the immune system begin to destroy the child's red blood cells, which leads to the most deplorable consequences.
It should be noted that such complications are especially likely due to the so-called sensitization: conditions when the baby's blood enters the pregnant woman's blood, which causes the production of antibodies in her body. This happens in cases where the mother has a history of abortions, miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies, uterine bleeding and other complications during childbearing. In addition, sensitization can occur with any damage to the placenta due to infections, preeclampsia, detachment, as well as some medical manipulations (amniocentesis).
If there were no such situations in the past, and the woman’s pregnancy is the first, then serious problems usually do not arise: the doctor carefully monitors the patient’s condition, and childbirth most often goes well. However, in the second and subsequent pregnancies, the mother will need special treatment, which can eliminate the occurrence of serious complications. In addition, in order to protect the baby, every woman needs to be aware of the possible risk of Rhesus conflict in each case.
The possibility of Rh conflict depending on the Rh of the parents
To determine the possibility of Rh conflict, one should recall the laws of genetics, according to which certain blood groups are inherited, as well as Rhs from parents. In particular, in at risk are families where the expectant mother has a negative Rh, and the father is positive. To determine this risk, you can use the following table.
Rh factor inheritance
Inheritance of blood types
| Father | Mother | Fetus | Probability of conflict |
| I group (0) | I group (0) | I group | 0 |
| Group I | II group (A) | I/II group | 0 |
| Group I | Group III (B) | I/III group | 0 |
| Group I | Group IV (AB) | II/III group | 0 |
| II group (A) | I group | I/II group | 50% chance |
| II group | II group | I/II group | 0 |
| II group | III group | All 4 groups | 25% chance |
| II group | IV group | I/II/IV group | 0 |
| Group III (B) | I group | I/III group | 50% chance |
| III group | II group | All 4 groups | 50% chance |
| III group | III group | I/III group | 0 |
| III group | IV group | I/III/IV group | 0 |
| Group IV (AB) | I group | II/III group | 100% chance |
| IV group | II group | I/II/IV group | probability 66% |
| IV group | III group | I/III/IV group | probability 66% |
| IV group | IV group | II/III/IV group | 0 |
It must be remembered that it is impossible to determine the probability of a conflict with complete certainty from such tables; this will require blood tests of the father and mother, as well as a doctor's consultation.
Diagnosis and symptoms
The danger of a rhesus conflict lies in the fact that it usually does not give any clinical manifestations that can alert a pregnant woman. In some cases, she may feel symptoms similar to those of preeclampsia, but it can be very difficult to clearly define a hemolytic disorder.
That's why all women at risk should be under strict control gynecologists throughout pregnancy, and regularly undergo an ultrasound procedure. Symptoms of an Rh factor conflict in the fetus include the following:
- severe swelling;
- accumulation of fluid in the body cavities (abdominal, chest), as well as in the region of the pericardial sac;
- an increase in the size of the abdomen;
- the so-called "Buddha posture": a large belly and limbs taken away from it;
- enlargement of the spleen, liver and heart;
- "double contour" (soft tissue edema) of the head;
- thickening of the veins of the umbilical cord and placenta.
In order to diagnose Rh conflict and prevent symptoms, it is very important to determine the group and Rh of both the expectant mother and the future father, regularly test for antibodies, and, if necessary, prescribe adequate treatment.
Possible consequences
In the event of a Rh conflict, the woman's antibodies begin to attack the "foreign" fetal erythrocytes, gradually destroying them, as a result of which bilirubin is released into the blood, which turns the skin yellow. In addition, the number of red blood cells in the baby's blood drops rapidly, resulting in a deterioration in the ability to carry oxygen. Tissues and organs, including the brain, begin to experience severe oxygen starvation, which disrupts their development and leads to a variety of diseases.
In the most difficult cases, dropsy develops due to severe tissue damage in the fetus; unfortunately, in such cases, saving the child's life is often impossible.
As for the mother, he does not carry a direct danger to her condition, however, if the first pregnancy was interrupted or proceeded with complications (for example, with uterine bleeding), then the second and subsequent ones require special attention. This is due to the so-called immune memory: in the mother's body, specific antibodies are produced to the child's red blood cells, that is, the risk of problems and complications increases significantly. That is why the so-called "negative" women are especially not recommended to have abortions..
How to prevent the development of complications
To completely eliminate the risk of complications due to Rhesus conflict, it is necessary even before conception, that is, at the stage of pregnancy planning, or at least in the very early stages get tested for rhesus. If Rh is negative, it will be necessary to conduct another study on the type of antibodies and their concentration (titer) in the woman's blood, which can answer the question of how dangerous their amount is for the child. You need to take such an analysis before 18-20 weeks, and if a pregnant woman has had cases in the past Rhesus conflicts, then the determination of the concentration of antibodies is carried out earlier.
- It is considered normal titer less than 1:4. In this case, the woman needs only regular monitoring of the fetus, and a re-analysis is performed at the 28th week (if the fetus does not show any abnormalities).
- If the number of antibodies at this time remains at the level of 1:4 and mless, a pregnant woman is given a dose of a special vaccine (anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin), which can prevent possible complications.
- At titer more than 1:4, the analysis for antibodies should be carried out approximately once every one to two weeks, carefully monitoring their dynamics.
In any case, if even a minimal amount of antibodies is detected, a woman needs regular examinations (ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, etc.). If the condition of the fetus worsens, it is necessary to carry out a blood transfusion procedure in utero, which will make up for the lack of red blood cells in the fetal blood. In situations where such a solution is impossible, the question of urgent delivery is raised, since any delay can threaten the death of the fetus.
Anti-Rh immunoglobulin: prevention of Rhesus conflict
The Rh vaccine is a drug that able to prevent sensitization, that is, the production of specific antibodies in a woman's body. The mechanism of action of anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin is as follows: it destroys "positive" erythrocytes, preventing the mother's immune system from launching a protective reaction.
It is believed that about 20 micrograms of the drug neutralizes 1 ml of erythrocytes, therefore, approximately 300 micrograms of the vaccine is needed to "neutralize" the child's "foreign" erythrocytes that accidentally enter the mother's blood.
The first dose of the drug to a woman is usually administered between 28 and 34 weeks (preferably at 28 weeks) if there are no antibodies in her blood, and the blood type of the fetus is unknown. The second dose must be administered within 3 days after delivery (if the child has a positive Rh).
Also, the introduction of anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin is strongly recommended to all "negative" women after abortions, ectopic pregnancies or miscarriages: this can protect them from serious problems in the future.
It should be noted that in most cases anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin is well tolerated by women, however, like any other medical drug, it can cause various allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock. Therefore, after the introduction of the vaccine, the pregnant woman should at least 30 minutes. be under medical supervision.
Usually, anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin is available in domestic perinatal institutions, but it can only be purchased by prescription. The average cost is 5 thousand rubles. The vaccine is a colorless or light yellow solution (small sediment is allowed) for intramuscular injection. Before the introduction of the ampoule, you need to stand for about two hours at room temperature, and after opening the drug should be used immediately for its intended purpose. The shelf life of anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin is three years.
The formation of an immunological conflict between the organisms of the expectant mother and the child in her womb leads to serious diseases. Moreover, it can cause death for the baby. Therefore, such a pathology is given great attention by doctors. Pregnancy of an Rh-negative mother with a "positive" child requires careful monitoring by the supervising obstetrician-gynecologist. This will help to take the necessary measures to save the life of the child, to provide all possible assistance for the normal course of gestation.
Rhesus conflict during pregnancy: when and how it happens, and what to do next
Rhesus conflict is a pathological phenomenon, which is based on the incompatibility of the mother and fetus, which occurs at the immunological level. For a conflict to develop, the expectant mother must have a negative Rh, and the baby in the womb must have a positive one. But mother sensitization does not always develop, since some additional factors are necessary for this. This pathology is quite dangerous, because it can cause the child to develop serious illnesses or even die.
What is Rh conflict between fetus and mother
An immunological conflict as a result of Rhesus incompatibility between a future mother and a child develops either in the process of bearing a child, or during his birth. The Rh factor itself is a lipoprotein, otherwise called D-agglutinogen, and is attached to red blood cells. In people with this agglutinogen, Rh is read positive, and in its absence, it is negative. Incompatibility develops as a result of the fact that the fetus inherits a positive factor from the father. When during pregnancy, for any reason, the red blood cells of the baby and the mother begin to interact, their agglutination occurs, which is also called clumping.
Causes of Rh conflict manifestation: risk factors
The occurrence of incompatibility is possible for various reasons, which will depend on certain features of pregnancy.
First pregnancy
During the first bearing of a baby, a conflict rarely appears, and some situations from the life of a future mother can provoke it:
- Carrying out a blood transfusion when Rhesus compatibility is not paid attention to.
- Previous artificial termination of pregnancy according to the indications or at the request of the woman.
- Spontaneous abortions in the past.
Also, sensitization can occur in such cases:
- Severe preeclampsia, with violation of the integrity of the structures of the vascular bed of the placenta.
- Carrying out amniocentesis, cordocentesis or taking a biopsy of chorion tissue to diagnose the condition of the fetus.
- Development of early placental abruption
Without such phenomena, sensitization can only occur during the interaction of the blood of the child and the mother during childbirth, which will be reflected in the next gestation.
Repeated gestation
During the second and subsequent pregnancies, the baby's red blood cells penetrate the mother's vessel wall, which activates the response coming from the immune system and the production of type G immunoglobulin. Such immunoglobulins are small, they simply penetrate the placental barrier into the fetal bloodstream. As a result of this phenomenon, the structure of fetal erythrocytes is disturbed and hemolysis is formed. This process leads to the formation of bilirubin (a toxic substance) and the further development of hemolytic disease.
Multiple pregnancy
The conflict between Rhesus in multiple pregnancies often occurs only if this conception is not the first. If twins or triplets accompany the first pregnancy, then during gestation without complications and timely prevention, the expectant mother may not worry.
When the mother's blood type is the first "-"
If the expectant mother has the first blood type with a negative factor, then the conflict can be if the baby inherits from the father not only a positive Rh, but also a certain blood type:
- First or second when my father had a second.
- First or third, when dad has a third.
- The second or third, when a man has a fourth.
Blood Rp inheritance table: incompatible groups and the likelihood of conflict formation
Genetic studies have made it possible to understand that it is possible to assess how great the threat of an Rhesus conflict during gestation is. These risks are analyzed by doctors so that they can minimize the possible complications of such a condition.
There are two main tables:
- Rhesus risk.
- blood type risk.
If we evaluate the presence or absence of agglutinogen:
If the focus is on the blood group, then the table takes on a different form:
| Father | Mother | Child | chances of conflict |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 0 | BUT | 0 or A | – |
| 0 | AT | 0 or B | – |
| 0 | AB | A or B | – |
| BUT | 0 | 0 or A | 50% |
| BUT | BUT | 0 or A | – |
| BUT | AT | Any option is possible | 25% |
| BUT | AB | 0, A or AB | – |
| AT | 0 | 0 or B | 50% |
| AT | BUT | Any option is possible | 50% |
| AT | AT | 0 or B | – |
| AT | AB | 0, A or AB | – |
| AB | 0 | A or B | 100% |
| AB | BUT | 0, A or AB | 66% |
| AB | AT | 0, V or AB | 66% |
| AB | AB | A, B, AB | – |
To navigate the table, it must be taken into account that 0 is the first blood group, A is the second, B is the third, AB is the fourth.
The danger of incompatibility for the fetus and mother: the influence of a negative factor
Rhesus incompatibility between a future mother and her child is a dangerous condition. It threatens the woman herself only psychologically, because of the experiences associated with such a situation. But for the fetus, the consequences of the pathology are much more serious.
First trimester
The most serious violation associated with the first period of bearing a baby is the possibility of abortion. The conflict of the mother's immune system with the fetus that has just begun to form can lead to impaired development and attachment of the zygote.
Since this period is associated with the active laying and formation of the main systems, the immunological conflict negatively affects them. There are disturbances in the structure of the central nervous system, after intoxication the liver and kidneys are exposed.
In the second trimester
The middle of a woman carrying a baby with a conflict between Rhesus is associated with such possible complications:
- Development of nuclear jaundice.
- Disturbances in the structure of the brain, leading to mental retardation.
- Enlargement of the spleen and liver, which are unable to function normally.
In the third trimester
For the final stage of gestation, the immunological incompatibility of the expectant mother and her child can become the basis for a number of situations:
- early childbirth.
- Anemia in a child.
- Jaundice.
- Hemolytic disease.
- developmental delays in the future.
How is the diagnosis carried out
Diagnostic measures to detect immunological incompatibility are quite simple. With their timely implementation, the doctor will be able to easily interpret the results, choosing the appropriate tactics for further action.
How long is it diagnosed
If a Rh-negative pregnant woman is determined that her baby will be Rh-positive, she needs monitoring:
- If she is pregnant for the first time and is not sensitized, the examination is repeated every 2 months.
- If a woman is sensitized, then the analysis is carried out every 30 days until 32 weeks, then every half a month from 32 to 35 weeks of gestation and every 7 days from 35 weeks of gestation.
What tests are given
The main method of diagnosis is the delivery of blood by a woman to determine the titer of anti-Rhesus antibodies.
A high antibody titer does not indicate the conflict itself, but indicates its possibility and the need for preventive measures.
Some diagnostic methods are also used to track the condition of the child:
- Ultrasound, it is carried out 4 times for 20-36 weeks and before the birth of the baby.
- Electrocardiography.
- Phonocardiography.
- Cardiotocography.
The last three methods are primarily aimed at analyzing the severity of hypoxia in a baby, for a quick start of therapy.
In addition to the above measures, amniocentesis is allowed from 34 to 36 weeks. This helps to identify not only the level of antibody titer in the aqueous membrane of the fetus, but also the degree of maturity of its lungs, the density of bilirubin.
Treatment
Therapeutic measures to help expectant mothers and their children at risk of developing Rhesus incompatibility include non-specific desensitization methods: vitamin therapy, metabolites, calcium and iron, antiallergic drugs, oxygen therapy. But the main way to prevent incompatibility is to vaccinate the expectant mother with immunoglobulin.
If the conflict caused a serious condition of the child, then by the 37-38th week a caesarean section is performed.
What is anti-rh immunoglobulin or vaccine for rh-negative women
Anti-Rh immunoglobulin is a medicine with a high level of antibodies, the purpose of which is to strengthen the immune system. It contains a protein fraction with immunological activity, which is obtained from human plasma or donor serum. Before creating a vaccine, the source material is examined to confirm the absence of antibodies to the immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C and B.
When is anti-D immunoglobulin given?
Immunoglobulin of the Anti-D group is prescribed to women during the gestation period with a high risk of developing an Rhesus conflict. In some cases, it is a drug with a therapeutic effect, but it can also have a preventive function.
How often is the introduction of anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin during pregnancy
Serum is administered intramuscularly for the first time at 28 weeks of gestation, then another dose is administered immediately after the birth of the child.
Is it necessary to introduce immunoglobulin during the second gestation
If, in the results of the examination, the antibody titer is within the normal range, the doctor will recommend the introduction of immunoglobulin, but this procedure may not be carried out at the discretion of the woman.
How Rh conflict can affect a child: pathologies and consequences for the fetus
Immunological incompatibility is extremely dangerous for an unborn baby, it can cause:
- Jaundice of newborns.
- Dropsy of the brain.
- Severe malformations of the brain and heart.
- Stillbirths.
- Premature birth.
What immunoglobulin injections are used: a list of popular remedies
The most relevant immunoglobulin preparations:
- Immunoglobulin G anti-rhesus Rh0 (D).
- HyperROU S/D.
- Immunoro Kedrion.
- Partobulin SDF.
- BayRow-Dee.
- Human immunoglobulin antirhesus Rh0 (D).
- Resonator.
All of these tools are analog, but not 100% equivalent. The choice of the drug is carried out by a specialist who supervises the woman throughout her bearing of the baby. He focuses on the individual characteristics of her body, choosing the most profitable and effective remedy. Also, the doctor selects the most suitable dosage for the patient.
Is it possible to avoid Rh conflict without resorting to medication
It is not possible to independently avoid incompatibility with a child according to the Rh factor, without using medications.
A woman must understand that the means offered by traditional medicine are not effective, and only timely assistance received by her in a medical institution will be the key to the birth of a healthy baby.
It is also possible to refuse to administer the drug if the expectant mother has contraindications, for example:
- Hypersensitivity.
- Hyperthymia.
- Dyspepsia.
- Any type of diabetes.
- Already identified sensitization.
Immunological incompatibility is not dangerous for the expectant mother, but it has an extremely adverse effect on the fetus and can even cause its death. In accordance with this, such a phenomenon requires not only careful monitoring of the course of gestation by the doctor, but also following all the recommendations from the mother.
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